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Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. The Steamboat Adventure. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) [53] Sulla was regarded to have done well in the east: he had restored Ariobarzanes to the throne, been hailed imperator by his men, and was the first Roman to treat successfully with the Parthians. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . [116] Advancing on Capua, he met the two consuls of that year Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus and Gaius Norbanus who had dangerously divided their forces. Finding Primary Sources Primary Sources from DocsTeach Thousands of online primary source documents from the National Archives to bring the past to life as classroom teaching tools. Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . With military and diplomatic victory, his political fortunes seemed positive. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. Primary sources include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, and art objects. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. Family members of the proscribed were not excluded from punishment, and slaves were not excluded from rewards. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. [61] Pompeii was taken some time during the year, along with Stabiae and Aeclanum; with the capture of Aeclanum, Sulla forced the Hirpini to surrender. Five reasons why primary sources should be used for teaching He then sailed for Italy at the head of 1,200 ships. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. The Iraq War Ten Years After - George Washington University Sulla and the proscriptions - Jerry Fielden [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . He dismissed his lictores and walked unguarded in the Forum, offering to give account of his actions to any citizen. Primary sources are available here primarily for use in high-school and university/college courses. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or . Historians to Sulla's dictatorship such as Livy (From the Founding of the City) and Appian (Roman History, especially the section regarding the Civil Wars) include additional details of Marius' life during the Social War while other sources list brief statements of note. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. Also useful for understanding Sulla's career are the article by E. Baddian . Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. The Pros and Cons of Teaching with Primary Sources - ProQuest Copyright statement. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. Provides tips on how to read and use primary sources in historical research. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". Books. [122] Marius, buttressed by Samnite support, fought a long and hard battle with Sulla at Sacriportus that resulted in defeat when five of his cohorts defected. The source types commonly used in academic writing include: Academic journals. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Finding Primary Sources for Teachers and Students Sarah Cooper teaches 8th grade U.S. history and is assistant head for academic life at Flintridge Preparatory School in La Canada, Calif. Sarah is the . The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using Catulus, with Sulla, moved to block their advance; the two men likely cooperated well. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. As a result, "husbands were butchered in the arms of their wives, sons in the arms of their mothers. Historical documents : how to read them. . With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. A primary source (also called original . [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. Sulla | Biography, Civil War, Roman Dictator, & Facts [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. Later political leaders such as Julius Caesar would follow his precedent in attaining political power through force. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. The Late Republic - Clarkson In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. [100] The Pontic casualties given in Plutarch and Appian, the main sources for the battles, are exaggerated; Sulla's report that he suffered merely fifteen losses is not credible. They are original research, thinking, or discovery on a topic or event, and are written or created by people who actually experienced the event . [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies".