They are stabilized by ligaments, flexible fibrous bands made of dense regular connective tissue. This coronal section includes the hippocampus (hippocampus = sea horse), dentate gyrus, and adjacent temporal lobe gyrus (entorhinal cortex). It contains connective tissue, mostly composed of adipocytes. While this barrier protects the CNS from exposure to toxic or pathogenic substances, it also keeps out the cells that could protect the brain and spinal cord from disease and damage. Still deeper is the white matter slide 077 View Image of the cerebellum, which contains nerve fibers, neuroglial cells, small blood vessels, but no neuronal cell bodies. Neurons in the dorsal horn are essentially interneurons that project to other regions of the CNS (e.g., motor neurons in the spinal cord or sensory input to the brain), so they have much smaller overall volume and therefore much less metabolic demand compared to motor neurons which project to target muscles that may be more than a meter away. Whereas the manner in which either cell is associated with the axon segment, or segments, that it insulates is different, the means of myelinating an axon segment is mostly the same in the two situations. They are separated into four categories: muscular, nervous, epithelial and connective. The spinal cord contains a butterfly-shaped area of grey matter surrounded by an outer layer of white matter. Organelles can be membranous (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum) or non-membranous (ribosomes, nucleolus, centrioles). Myelin is a fatty substance that makes the axon appear white. Histology of Nervous Tissue - PowerPoint PPT Presentation - PowerShow Oligodendrocytes (another type of glial cell) are responsible for the myelination of CNS axons. Neurons are usually described as having one, and only one, axona fiber that appears as a long cord emerging from the cell body and projects to target cells. Register now - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 2727 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 14 Provided by: apbrwww5A Category: Tags: histology | nervous | tissue less A unity of cells with a similar structure that as a whole express a definite and unique function. Multiple muscle cells are bound by connective tissue into fascicles, and multiple fascicles join to form a muscle belly. The material presented details the chemistry, diagnostic application, and staining protocols for special stains used to . The musculoskeletal system consists of hard tissues (bones, joints, cartilage) and soft tissues (muscles, tendons, ligaments). In the above image, we can observe only the relatively large, triangular-shaped cell bodies of the pyramidal cells with clearly visible nuclei, parts of the dendrites, and the beginnings of axons. Slide NP004N hippocampal region coronal section luxol blue View Virtual Slide [orientation]. ("4" in the orientation figure) a polymorphic layer containing nerve fibers (known as "mossy fibers") and cell bodies of interneurons, ("5" in the orientation figure) a middle granule cell layer containing the round, neuronal cell bodies of dentate granule cells. You may see small calcific bodies in part of the hippocampus, which occur as a normal part of the aging process. 4.4A: Characteristics of Nervous Tissue - Medicine LibreTexts Virtual Slide List | histology - University Of Michigan The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and lymphoid organs. Please support theSecondLook initiative with a donation to ourMichigan MedicineSecondLook Donation Champaign(link is external). The organization and morphology of the cells shown is found ONLY in the ventral spinal cord. The lipids are essentially the phospholipids of the glial cell membrane. Slide 077 20XCerebellum white and grey matter H&E View Virtual Slide, Slide 077 40XCerebellum molecular layer, Purkinje cell bodies H&E View Virtual Slide, Slide 077a Cerebellum luxol blue cross View Virtual Slide. Neuronal processes form connections (synapses) with each other and with other cell types, in order to exchange electrical signals. Luv ya! The cells of Clarke's nucleus then relay this information via axonal projections that extend all the way up into the cerebellum (hence the reason why the cells are so large) where it is processed to allow for coordinated movement. Nervous tissue is made of cells (neurons and glial cells) and extracellular matrix. Secondly, the cell bodies of unipolar neurons are always found in ganglia. Skin glands include sweat glands (apocrine and eccrine) and sebaceous holocrine glands, both are important in regulating body temperature. Peripheral nerves: Histology and clinical aspects | Kenhub It provides preganglionic visceral motor output to sympathetic ganglia. Bundles of myelinated axons in the brain are called tracts, while bundles of axons in the PNS are called nerves. Neurons of the cerebral cortex are of varying shapes and sizes, but the most obvious arepyramidal cells. Tissues. Structure of a Neuron. This neuron provides preganglionic visceral motor output to sympathetic ganglia - Even though the cord is oriented "sideways," you should still be able to identify this cell as being in the intermediolateral cell column in the lateral extension of the ventral horn where pregagnglionic sympathetic visceral motor neurons are found. These cells have a single, long, nerve tract entering the bottom of the cell body. Young, B., Woodford, P., ODowd, G., & Wheater, P. R. (2014). The nervous system is responsible for the control of the body and the communication among its parts. Myelin, however, is more than just the membrane of the glial cell. Bone tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that contains cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts), fibers (collagen type I) and mineralized extracellular matrix. Many neurons in the spinal cord may appear shrunken and surrounded by an empty space due to poor fixation. Look at the margins of the ventricle at higher magnification and note that it is entirely lined by ependymal cells. This gives the neuron a polaritymeaning that information flows in this one direction. It is the axon that propagates the nerve impulse, which is communicated to one or more cells. The nucleus is considered to be the brain of the cell. Correct answer 1. Examine the cross section of the lumbar spinal cord in slide 065-2. Histology - study of tissues Tissue - a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function. Histology Copyright by Malgosia Wilk-Blaszczak. The BBB also makes it harder for pharmaceuticals to be developed that can affect the nervous system. And research may find much more about them in the future. Nervous Tissue - PowerPoint PPT Presentation - PowerShow All spaces are occupied either by the processes of neurons or glia or by capillaries (these capillaries are somewhat swollen here because the tissue was fixed by perfusion). Typically one or more sulci (infoldings) will extend inward from one edge of the section. Generally, they are supporting cells for the neurons in the central nervous system. At low magnification, differentiate inner gray from outer white matter and identify dorsal and ventral horns of the gray matter. The nasal cavity contains specialized olfactory epithelium, providing the sense of smell. Neurons can also be classified on the basis of where they are found, who found them, what they do, or even what chemicals they use to communicate with each other. Adjacent to the neuron, note myelinated axons of various sizes and also that there are no spaces between cell processes. These exclusively contain neurons with a pseudounipolar neuronal arrangement. By examining a thin slice of bone tissue under a microscope, colorized with special staining techniques, you see that these seemingly simple bones are actually a complex microworld containing an array of structures with various different functions. It relays sensory input to cerebellar cortex. Once urine is formed from the ultrafiltrate, it travels through the excretory pathway of tubes, all of which are lined by transitional epithelium with the exception of some parts of the urethra. Ross, H. M, Pawlina, W. (2011). Nervous tissue contains two categories of cellsneurons and neuroglia. Histology of Nervous Tissue - PowerPoint PPT Presentation - PowerShow Afferent nerves carry information from sensory organs to the brain, while efferent nerves carry motor impulses from the brain to the muscles.Taking location into account, the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The dermis is a layer of connective tissue that contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerve endings. Since tissues are normally colourless, applying a dye to the tissue section allows the cells and their components to be seen under a microscope. The tools for studying histology are becoming more diverse everyday. Examine the boundary between molecular and granule cell layers. Nervous tissue contains two basic categories of cells: neurons and support cells (glia). Therefore, the purkinje cell somewhat resembles a shrub or coral in shape. A key difference between myelin and the insulation on a wire is that there are gaps in the myelin covering of an axon. Microscope Slides of Cells and Tissues | Histology Guide Pia mater 2. They are considered part of the mononuclear phagocytic system and will proliferate and become actively phagocytic in regions of injury and/or inflammation. Alveoli are the primary site of gas exchange. Many of these astrocytes send out processes that contact and wrap around nearby capillaries, which are also clearly recognizable as tube-shaped segments. Ana 211 (Histology of Nervous tissue).pptx - Academia.edu The accessory genital glands include the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands. ("3" in the orientation figure) a molecular layer containing dendrites of the pyramidal cells. The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The branch of medical science that deals with the. Name this exception. Myelin is lipid-rich, and on gross inspection appears white. The primary purpose of this article is to evaluate the histology of peripheral nervous tissue. Neurons in the dorsal horn are essentially interneurons that project to other regions of the CNS (e.g. Description: Chapter 11 Histology of Nervous Tissue J.F. The white matter contains nerve fibers (axons) entering and exiting the gray matter, and traveling up and down the spinal cord, linking it to the brain. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. The ependymal cell is a glial cell that filters blood to make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that circulates through the CNS. Chapter 12Nervous Tissue. Central Nervous System | histology - University of Michigan In the peripheral nervous system, the larger diameter axons are surrounded by a lipid-rich myelin sheath formed by the Schwann cells (Wheater's pg. The inner edge wraps around the axon, creating several layers, and the other edge closes around the outside so that the axon is completely enclosed.Myelin sheaths can extend for one or two millimeters, depending on the diameter of the axon. . Correct answer 4. Neurons are specialized cells that contain a body (soma) and one or more processes (dendrites, axons). A longitudinal section of a nerve looks very different than a transverse section: In a longitudinal section of a nerve (Figure 9), the axons stain darker and are visible as purple lines. Thus are essential for maintaining homeostasis of the body. At a histological level, both the heart and blood vessels consist of three layers: The myocardium is formed by striated cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). ("6" in the orientation figure) a molecular layer containing dendrites of the granule cells. First, their dendrites are receiving sensory information, sometimes directly from the stimulus itself. The delicate meshwork of dendritic processes and nerve fibers (axons) lying between cells in the gray matter is called the neuropil. It also includes important proteins that are integral to that membrane. Neurons are important, but without glial support they would not be able to perform their function. Neurons are the basic functional units of nervous tissue. Correct answer 1. nervous tissue is derived from embryonic neuroectoderm The nervous system is divided anatomically into: Central Nervous System (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. Learn more about the histology of the upper and lower digestive tract. The dorsal nucleus of Clarke slide 066a View Image is in the dorsal horn and contains relatively large, multipolar neurons that receive proprioceptive information from dorsal root ganglion cells that are innervated by muscle spindles in the trunk and lower limb. Eroschenko, V. P. (2017). Describe the organization and understand some of the basic functions of regions of the: Observe the 3-layered organization of the, Outer plexiform (molecular) layer: sparse neurons and glia, Outer granular layer: small pyramidal and stellate neurons, Outer pyramidal layer: moderate sized pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Inner granular layer: densely packed stellate neurons (usually the numerous processes arent visible, but there are lots of nuclei reflecting the cell density), Ganglionic orinner pyramidal layer: large pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Multiform cell layer: mixture of small pyramidal and stellate neurons. It is made up of gray matter and white matter. The function of myelin will be discussed below. Dendrites of Purkinje cells extend deep into the molecular layer, while the axons of Purkinje cells cross the granular layer and join other nerve fibers in the interior white matter of the cerebellum. Neuroglia. Did you know that the only thing preventing all the water in your body from leaking out through your skin are the tight junctions between the keratinocytes? Lastly, the specimen is stained with hematoxylin and eosin dyes. The glomerulus contains some interesting cells, such as mesangial cells which have supportive and phagocytic properties; juxtaglomerular cells that secrete renin which acts, in a broad sense, to help regulate our blood pressure; podocytes that control the permeability of the filtration membrane; and many more. Much like the male, the female reproductive system is also designed for reproduction and sexual pleasure. Some ways in which they support neurons in the central nervous system are by maintaining the concentration of chemicals in the extracellular space, removing excess signaling molecules, reacting to tissue damage, and contributing to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). During development, the glial cell is loosely or incompletely wrapped around the axon (Figure 6). DNA is condensed and coiled up into chromosomes. The ECM contains different protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) embedded in ground substance. Nervous tissue is made of cells (neurons and glial cells) and extracellular matrix. Tissues join together in different arrangements to form our body organs. This nerve was additionally stained with osmium and the membranes of myelin are visible as dark rings. Each one reaches out and surrounds an axon to insulate it in myelin. Four of them are found in the CNS and two are found in the PNS. Different regions of the nervous system have distinct histological characteristics that make them easily recognizable, under the microscope. The first way to classify them is by the number of processes attached to the cell body. within limits that maintain life. Histological inspection reveals that each nerve fibre is actually composed of a large number of axons whose cell bodies reside in central or peripheral ganglia, the spinal cord or the brain. They provide support, performing similar functions in the periphery as astrocytes do in the CNSexcept, of course, for establishing the BBB.The second type of glial cell is the Schwann cell, which insulate axons with myelin in the periphery. Peripheral Nervous System | histology - University Of Michigan Many types of glial cells require special histological stains and cant be unambiguously identified in regular H&E-stained histological slides. Depending on the type of cells present (fibroblasts, osteocytes, erythrocytes) and the ECM arrangement, connective tissue can be classified as connective tissue proper or specialized connective tissue. The dendritic tree and axon of each Purkinje cell can only be seen in thicker sections stained with special silver stains. 1. Nutrient molecules, such as glucose or amino acids, can pass through the BBB, but other molecules cannot. The nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell are on the edge of the myelin sheath. Click on the tissue and observe. Name thefunction of the cell marked by the black arrow. Histology 5.ppt CT, Bone Histology 5 supplement.ppt : Histology 6.ppt Muscle: Histology Lab 4.doc Muscle and Start of Nervous Tissue: Histology 7.ppt M, Nervous: Histology Lab 5.doc Nervous (continued), Digestion Start: Histology 8.ppt Nervous : Histology 9.ppt : Histology 10.ppt Nervous: Histology11.ppt CNS, Digestion : Histology 12.ppt . It consists of internal genitalia (vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries) and external genitalia or vulva (mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, vestibule, vestibular bulb and glands).