Annexation - Wikipedia Also available in digital form. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. What we rarely acknowledge is how much territory the U.S. also held by the wars end. 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim. 9. Its not only the Philippines. Rather, we encounter the United States as something new: a dynamic and heterogeneous polity, with borders shifting throughout North America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, and the Pacific. The 18981899 annexations showed U.S. thinkers their country from a new perspective. JFIF ` ` C 3. United States territorial acquisitions - INFOGALACTIC [from old catalog] Created / Published Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. Hello, stream On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. A very good overview of bases and other points within the network of U.S. postwar power projection is Ruth Oldenziel, Islands: The United States as a Networked Empire, in Gabrielle Hecht, ed., Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 1342. The Journal of American History has never printed his name. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. The independent United Stated flirted with the idea of annexing Cuba from the time of Thomas Jefferson's' administration. At lower right: Atlantic Souvenir for 1829. Our narratives register not only the black experience but, moreover, the ways in which the changing position of African Americans drove key episodes in national history. Between 1857 and 1903, the US acquired many new territorial possessions 29,670. I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. For a widely read recent articulation of the Williams thesis that the United States has pursued imperialism by other means, see Richard H. Immerman, Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz (Princeton, NJ, 2010). Stephen Hunter and John Bainbridge, Jr., American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Trumanand the Shoot-Out That Stopped It (New York, 2005), 266. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following Why do you think so many of these new possessions were islands located in the Pacific Ocean? 10. Yet, the U.S. census often administered different questionnaires to the colonies than to the mainland, questionnaires with incommensurable racial categories. 39. As a result of the United States' multiple acquisitionsincluding Hawaii and the Philippinesduring the late 1800s, the period is referred to by some as the nation's age of U.S. _____. PDF Chapter 10 Its common in our field to emphasize the year 1898 and the war with Spain. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. 1857-1904 - Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. Albizus long career defies easy summary. This box map, from the inside cover of the 1910 edition of Allen C. Thomas's textbook, An Elementary History of the United States (first published 1900), shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawai'i, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, and Puerto Rico. The Greater United States is not my term. Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. 19. Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. 203. On the Insular Cases and the legal questions of empire see especially Christina Duffy Burnett and Marshall Burke, eds., Foreign in a Domestic Sense: Puerto Rico, American Expansion, and the Constitution (Durham, NC, 2001); Christina Duffy Burnett, Untied States: American Expansion and Territorial Deannexation, University of Chicago Law Review 72 (2005): 797879; Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS, 2006); Kal Raustiala, Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? in 1979, United Nations Trust Territory; self-governing as Northern Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. U.S. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . 1; and Rebecca Tinio McKennas study of a colonial hill station in American Imperial Pastoral: The Architecture of U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines (Chicago, IL, forthcoming). In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. Cover-title. %PDF-1.5 Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. (Lincoln, NE, 1984), esp. One might rightly ask whether, in accepting the category of the Greater United States, historians would be implicitly endorsing or naturalizing the United States empire. I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980). Why has this figure, who seems so immediately fascinating, not part of mainstream U.S. historiography? Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood Vendor: Bernard J. Shapero Books (London) Acquisitions control no. Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. 24 Today, we can add another major form of territorial extension to the story: overseas military bases. 9; Lauren B. Hirshbergs dissertation about Kwajalein island and neighboring Ebeye, Targeting Kwajalein: U.S. 4. The premier biography of Albizu is Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora , 2nd ed. Nevertheless, 8.85% is probably slightly high because, although it does not count black Filipinos and Guamanians (presumably very low numbers in 1940), it classes all non-white Puerto Ricans as black, whereas many were non-black. In that sense, the overseas colonies are the key to the Greater United States. 15. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently I have emphasized the United States overseas colonies, places like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Albizu presents something of a puzzle. Today, we are in a similar position. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). The map is color-coded to show the territory of the original United States and the Northwest Territory (1783), the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the area acquired from Britain in 1818 west of the Lake of the Woods, Florida in 1819, the annexation of Texas in 1845, the . But they are not the whole of it. But to think of the United States as having an informal empire only would be to miss something important. Sources and figures (in thousands): South Korea (17,917), the Philippines (18,228), and Japan (76,224): Maddison Project Database, January 2013 update, Groningen Growth and Development Centre, www/ggdc.net/maddison ; Hawaii (815), Alaska (138), Puerto Rico (2,071), and the U.S. Virgin Islands (27): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. The turn-of-the-century literature: Gilson Willets and Margaret Hamm, Greater America: Heroes, Battles, Camps (New York, 1898); Greater America in Picture and Story: The Army, the Navy, and Our New Possessions (Chicago, IL, 1898); David Jayne Hill, Greater America (Washington, DC: 1898); Great Northern Railway Company, Greater America: A Brief Description of the New Pacific Colonies and How to Reach Them (St. Paul, MN, 1899); Charles Morris, The Greater Republic: A New History of the United States (New York, 1899); Greater America: The Latest Acquired Insular Possessions (Boston: 1900); George Campbell, The Greater United States of America, or, the United States in Destiny (Topeka, KS, 1904); Archibald Ross Colquhoun, Greater America (New York, 1904); Ralph D. Paine, The Greater America (New York, 1907). The profession of liberty (the eagle), the reality of domination (the grasping talons)both parts are important to the notion of informal empire. Because my calculation does not include states that were never territories, it excludes (1) the original thirteen states, (2) states that were carved out of existing states (KY, ME, WV), and (3) independent republics that were admitted as states (TX, VT). 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1994 became a The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. Prime meridians: Washington, D.C. and London. United States Acquisition of Territory, 1853 - University of South Florida The Spanish-American war and A defence of the McKinley administration from attacks of Mr. Carl Schurz and other anti-imperialists. Gadsden Purchase. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. 40 By the time Alaska and Hawaii became states in 1959, the proportion of people living under U.S. jurisdiction but outside of the states had fallen from 51% to around 2%, and it has hovered between 1% and 3% ever since. Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior, Annexed in settlement with Britain and Germany; 27. But those familiar borders only held for four years. To get a better sense of this, consider the historiographic fate of the Philippines, the largest U.S. colony by an order of magnitude, in our most prominent historical journals. 30. 47. John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), famously proclaimed that it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. Thus, in these cases of partial annexation, I use 1803 as the start date for LA, MN, ND, SD, MT, OK, and WY; 1845 as the start date for CO and NM; and 1848 as the start date for AZ. Arguments for U.S. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). If you have any questions please let me know.! 286,541. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. currently an unorganized, unincorporated U.S. territory under But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. This was an intellectually transformative event. endobj The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became 1853. Baker Island Howland Island . DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . They appeared frequently at the front of atlases or as the main maps of the United States in textbooks. Help With Assignments 1 (New York, 2006), 179. 34 Manila, the sixth-largest city in the United States (substantially larger than Boston or Washington, D.C.), was decimated. The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. Passage to statehood did come quickly in some cases, such as gold-rush California. References [ edit] ^ "Milestones: 1801-1829 - Office of the Historian". Includes note, list to poplulation by states, and a bar graph showing the National Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. Then there is the Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos High School in the mass-produced suburb of Levittown. There is another aspect of the Second World War that deserves mention. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904 Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. Major accounts include Federico Ribes Tovar, Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary , trans. Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. This was not a freak event. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. 8. . But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. 10511898, section 2, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueos, Hunter College, CUNY. 5 0 obj (William B.) The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. In 1950, Albizu orchestrated a coordinated uprising throughout Puerto Rico, a rebellion so serious that the Puerto Rican National Guard used planes to suppress it, strafing the towns of Jajuya and Utuado from the sky. <> The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. At its establishment in 1834, Indian Territory extended from the top of present-day Texas to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi to the Rockies. 5 (2011): 134891. The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. Speech of Hon. 42. ), 32 Sherman's march to the sea LC Civil War maps (2nd R. O. Evans and Company - Robertson, H. C. National expansion under the Constitution; or, Despotic power versus delegated authority. 33. The Historical Office of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) dates to 1949. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. endobj of 1783 following military victory, Purchased from France But, overall, the overseas territories today contain over four million people. They hung on classroom walls. The tacit assumption is that the empire didnt matter for what came next. 12. The Library of Congress has accepted an estimate of one million Filipino fatalities, which also circulates in the Philippines. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. 2; Rebecca Lemov on Micronesia as a social scientific laboratory in World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men (New York, 2005), ch. 1. Bicknell, Edward. 2 0 obj 4. chapter 20 pre,post,exam Flashcards | Quizlet Dorr v. United States , 195 U.S. 138, 155 (1904) (Harlan, J. M., dissenting). The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. The figure I have given for the black population attempts to account for black people throughout the Greater United States, not just on the mainland. Fish and Wildlife Service, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. Six thousand American troops participated in the British occupation of Havana in 1762-3, but the island was exchanged for Florida at the peace treaty of 1763. SpanAmer War Webquestdoc (1).docx - Name: _ Period - coursehero.com That was undoubtedly less than lived in the world-straddling British Empire, where there were roughly ten colonial subjects for every inhabitant of the British Isles. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. Discussion Board 5 12 To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. Cover title. In the past fifty years, the Journal of American History has published one non-review article about the Philippines. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. Expansion . 25 And the pattern continued: as older territories became states, new annexations brought new territories into the polity. Oregon Territory. xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 They had even more people in the past. 161. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. Bicknell, Edward. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims 40. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. Mexican Cession. For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). Imperialism and the United States Alaska Hawaii Reasons sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a 45. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. Geographical crumbs is what Neil Smith called them in his book American Empire . The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. The country claimed 94 such islands . A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . chemical weapon disposal site, Purchased from Russia Mariana Islands, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 most islands adopt Also available in digital form. ed. Acquisition: An acquisition is a corporate action in which a company buys most, if not all, of another firm's ownership stakes to assume control of it. But thats not it. 8. 16 The term United States of America has ceased to be an accurate description of the countries over which the Stars and Stripes float, the author of one argued. On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. A self-governing state cannot accept . Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. For a sustained engagement by a Wisconsin-School historian with formal imperialism, see Walter LaFeber, The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective , rev. It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. PDF TOPIC American Imperialism DBQ QUESTION BACKGROUND For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. This has been a common response of cities to urbanization in neighboring areas. of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . Oregon Territory. Levittown, Puerto Rico, that is. Relief shown by hachures. and Germany, Leased from Panama It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. To the story of the United States attempt to encompass Indians within its territorial framework should be added the story of the United States grappling with self-constituted Indian polities, on which see Brian DeLay, Indian Polities, Empire, and the History of American Foreign Relations, Diplomatic History 39, no. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. 1. Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. These were, it is important to state, not novelty maps. A different but compatible accounting is offered in David Vine, Base Nation: How U.S. Military Bases Abroad Harm America and the World (New York, 2015). The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. The United States History Economy and Culture HISTORY - SlideToDoc.com If you count Puerto Rico as part of the United States (more about which below), it was the largest police massacre in U.S. history. Not yet. What Is an Acquisition? Definition, Meaning, Types, and Examples They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 Yet annexation did take place. That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. Leadership Task 2 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd
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