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Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. He did so in order to make it convincing that this was [p. 205] what thc E was interested in and that these tasks, and how the S worked on them, was the total experiment. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. 51 0 obj Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. This is manifested in the phenomenon called cognitive dissonance. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. The Effects of Prejudice, Stereotype & Discrimination $K{.-hC ;{l8S Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. /L 680077 He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of, If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the. endobj If you make people treat you with respect, they will respect you more, in order to reduce dissonance between their attitudes and their behaviors. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Social Researcher. This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. >> Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. York University, Toronto, Ontario. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. 2. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. In conclusion, people, when persuaded to lie without being given enough justification, will perform a task by convincing themselves of the falsehood, rather than telling a lie. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. Or is there something more nuanced at play? 3. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. When the S arrived for the experiment on "Measures of Performance" he had to wait for a few minutes in the secretary's office. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Hum. That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? Therefore the person's attitude changes. Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. x]#q/`aC+Khiflm( bc@'QV-a7:o1O7y?wo7.b7F^pZ{e>8_wonz&T=PJe~xw_}ba\ZXH%ll7qAa;;M?3)8T.Vw_G[H}FYc8svcf0w_~7],+g~aEo~}8/q'f. Lilly's attitude toward classic rock was most likely acquired through______. Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. /Text Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. Like Explorable? Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. %PDF-1.5 Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? How did the Festinger and Carlson experiment work? in order to reduce dissonance. Festinger observed that the subjects were put in a psychologically uncomfortable position. 2. This is most like which of the following techniques? The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. This difference in Sandy's playing is most likely the result of_______. While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. 4. The participants were 71 male students in totality. We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. He must be a genius." When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. How can you get someone to like you, according to Ben Franklin? Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. & KING, B.T. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. in order to reduce dissonance. 109 0 obj <>stream According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? A rating of the amount of time in the discussion that the S spent discussing the tasks as opposed to going off into irrelevant things. Oct. 2011. But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". Carol is showing, In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter, Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. How Much They Learned From the Experiment. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. hbbd``b` H? 2. 80 0 obj <> endobj Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. correct. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. This is an example of which rule of attraction? The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. Leon Festinger and his colleague James } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 53 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[92 0 R]>>/Pages 73 0 R/StructTreeRoot 70 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. 0000011828 00000 n This is the, People are less likely to be susceptible to the foot-in-the-door technique, how far people would go in obeying the command of an authority figure, Social loafing can be explained by the fact that, it is easier for a lazy person to hide laziness when working in a group of people. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. by meredith_davis9, Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. Sandy was using_______ processing. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. Search over 500 articles on psychology, science, and experiments. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? %%EOF He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. the majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. two different groups dealing with the aftermath of a hurricane. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. 48 0 obj What is the Sacrifice Trap? 49 0 obj Control condition. 3. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. 0000000848 00000 n Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. Twenty Dollar condition. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. Would the subject have any desire to participate in another similar experiment? Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. . One group was being paid that amount to lie to the next subject about the boring experiment. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. This is. John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not.